Financial Analysis and Management Performance Analysis And Economic A

Education Plays A Very Important Role Education Essay Free Essays

string(81) assurance shapers or arrangement shaper while selecting TVET educator trainees. Training plays an extremely of import work in bring forthing HR for all states around the universe. A state can go great created dependent on the nature of HR and this can be accomplished through convey oning guidance. Cambodia is one of the states known to man which need a decent guidance framework to deliver qualified HR for building up the state. We will compose a custom exposition test on Training Plays A Very Important Role Education Essay or then again any comparable point just for you Request Now The guidance framework in Cambodia is partitioned into four degrees, Pre-School Education, Primary Education, Secondary Education ( lower and upper ) , and Higher Education ( UNESCO, 2008 ) . The Royal Government of Cambodia ( RGC ) has set the conclusion to help kids obtain essential guidance to at any rate grade nine. Subsequent to completing evaluation 9, understudies can either make a trip to upper auxiliary schools or optional professional arrangement plan gave by the Ministry of Labor and Vocational Training ( MOLVT ) . Subsequent to completing upper auxiliary school, understudies can either enter professional readiness or colleges ( UNESCO, 2008 ) . Specialized Vocational Education and Training ( TVET ) plays a basic capacity in the financial improvement of any state. The Royal Government of Cambodia ( RGC ) is focused on financial and cultural improvement as a priority. The ‘Rectangular Strategy ‘ , the endorsed national monetary improvement model, and the more intricate 5 mature ages National Strategic Development Plan 2006 †2010 are focused on aptitudes advancement. Cambodia will achieve the Millennium Development Goals ( MDGs ) of Poverty and Starvation Reduction, Enhancing Gender Equity and Creation of Globalization Partnership for Development mostly through an antiphonal and better quality readiness framework. For developing, business, value and effectiveness the RGC is resolved to hamburger uping the Technical Vocational Education and Training ( TVET ) division, ( NSDP, 2006 †2010 ) . To achieve this committedness, the RGC commanded the constitution of another service, the Ministry of Labor and Vocational Training ( MOLVT ) , in 2004. Inside the service the Directorate General of TVET ( DGTVET ) was set up and under this sits the National Training Board ( NTB ) with a strategic assurance that Cambodia meets its financial and improvement finishes through an industry driven, quality TVET framework, ( National TVET Development Plan, 2008 ) . A cardinal plan to achieve quality solid TVET and skill based course of study and planning is assignment one of the TVET educator guidance organization, runing under the Directorate General, TVET, as a Lead Institute and a Center for Excellence for TVET teacher readiness in Cambodia. That organization is answerable for VET Teacher Training and Development for educators serving both the Regional and Provincial Training Centers in all through the state, ( National TVET Development Plan, 2008 ) . There are 38 TVET foundations run by Ministry of Labor and Vocational Training ( MOLVT ) in Cambodia and those foundations are isolated as Provincial Training Centers ( PTCs ) , Regional Training Centers ( RTCs ) , and TVET organizations, ( National TVET Development Plan, 2008 ) . TVET educators guidance are prepared by a TVET foundations under the umbrella of MOLVT and it is the solitary foundation which has the central obligation to create TVET teachers both Senior and Junior degree for the entirety of the 38 TVET foundations all through the state. Since 2005, the MOLVT has set the strategy to enlist three 300 of TVET educator students each twelvemonth, ( National TVET Development Plan, 2008 ) . 1.2 Problem proclamation A review led by Nock and Bishop ( 2008 ) indicated the significant reasons for Kampuchean teacher disappointment, for example, low compensation, defilement/nepotism, hapless driving, hapless life conditions, students conduct, and workplace. A similar review uncovered that 99 % of the respondents said that they could non keep going on their pay and this issue caused 93 % of them to keep a second occupation. Moreover, different surveies in Cambodia other than discovered the expanding thoughtlessness from society toward educators in state funded schools ( CITA, 2010 ) . MoEYS ( 2010b ) conceded that numerous teachers have left their guidance places, moved to new occupations, and arrived at the retirement age. The occupations other than happen in MOLVT. These surveies above did non specify the employments in TVET however they laid out the normal occupations go oning in the Kampuchean guidance condition. In add-on to the issues referenced above, it is broadly acknowledged that TVET is an extremely hapless division in Cambodia and it is much of the time considered as the second pick to all individuals including understudies, ( ADB, 2009 ) . TVET is a newly settled foundation which just began creating in 2004, the twelvemonth that MOLVT was set up. The enlistment rate in TVET is truly low whenever contrasted with scholarly guidance, ( ADB, 2009 ) . Moreover, the main, learning establishments, and especially HR are in the terrible status, ( ADB, 2009 ) . However, there are numerous alumnuss who come and apply for the door investigation to be a TVET educator at a TVET teacher guidance establishment in Phnom Penh. In view of my occupation, I am ready to secure the data from removal office and I see that, ordinarily the figure of appliers who applied for the door investigation ever far surpasses the figure of volunteers. For delineation, in the scholastic twelvemonth 2012 †2013, there are in excess of 1,800 campaigners have applied for the gateway investigation while MOLVT selects only 300 of educator students. Given the moderately low situation of TVET, it is badly characterized why there are such a significant number of alumnuss enter the passage examination to go a TVET educator. 1.3 Research Question To experience the portal examination at the TVET educator guidance foundation is non simple. However, there are a few students who drop out from this planning plan whenever they have another pick or better occupation possibility. Along these lines, this examination is generally planned for occurring out the central thought process factors that urge learners wanting to go a teacher in the TVET part. The particular request that the study tries to answer is: â€Å" What are the motivative variables of college alumnuss who have entered the capable teacher creating foundation in regard to their pick of a capable professional guidance and planning educator calling? † 1.4 Significance of the exploration This overview will be utile in certain nations as following. In the first place, this review will loan to assurance shapers or approach shaper while selecting TVET teacher students. You read Training Plays A Very Important Role Education Essay in classification Article models These individuals will hold some essential discoveries from this examination with the goal that they will have the option to do great judgments when be aftering TVET instructor readiness. In the event that TVET contrivers comprehend educator thought process, they will have the option to go to any failings in that rationale. Second, through understanding educator thought process, this exploration assists with holding teachers in TVET guidance. Last, yet non least, the overview will loan to the current writing on TVET educator planning segment, a part wherein essentially no exploration has been done on TVET teachers. Section II Writing reappraisal By using the chase motor Google Scholar and the James Cook University Library chase motor with cardinal footings including: Teacher intentions, Motivation to go educators, Motivations to go TVET educators, and perceptual encounters of college alumnuss toward TVET educators profession, I have found and downloaded numerous important stuffs for my writing reappraisal identified with my subject. Those stuffs give an outline regarding my matter, and they fill in as a balance of comprehension to back up the writing reappraisal. Educator Motivations The global setting A figure of surveies have been directed in numerous states all through the universe in the course of the last 20 mature ages investigating the thought process of the individuals who choose to go school teachers ( Kyriacou A ; Coulthard, 2000 ) . Such surveies show that the main reason for accepting guidance as a calling fall into three boss nations. To start with, magnanimous grounds: these grounds manage considering figuring out how to be a socially beneficial and of import occupation, the goal to procure kids fruitful, and the yearning to do society created as should be obvious that numerous individuals wish to divide their perception and expertness to others so as to gracefully the proficient issue to their locale. Second, instrinsic grounds: these grounds screens aspects of the occupation movement itself, for example, learning kids exercises, and the readiness to use their skilled issue cognizance and expertness in which 95 % of understudies in this study appraised that they disc over the occupation satisfying as extremely of import factor in taking picking up calling. Third, outward grounds: these grounds spread aspects of the occupation which are non worked in the work itself, for example, long get-aways, level of pay, and position as there are numerous individuals pick instructor requiring their ain advantage, for example, great installment, for venture, or for pleasance. The outcomes of such surveies have gotten impossible to miss going to as a result of the enrolling emergency standing up to numerous states in maneuvering individuals of adequate quality into the guidance ( Kyriacou A ; Coulthard, 2000 ) . Kyriacou, Hultgren, and Stephens ( 1999 ) contended comparable grounds to what is referenced in the passage above. In this review, 105 student educators in Stavanger College School of Teachers ‘ Education, Norway, and 112 understudy educators in University of York, United Kingdom, were

Goal Setting Journal Strategies for Stress Relief

Goal Setting Journal Strategies for Stress Relief Stress Management Management Techniques Print Goal Setting Journal Strategies for Stress Relief By Elizabeth Scott, MS twitter Elizabeth Scott, MS, is a wellness coach specializing in stress management and quality of life, and the author of 8 Keys to Stress Management. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Scott, MS Updated on July 02, 2019 How Stress Impacts Your Health Overview Signs of Burnout Stress and Weight Gain Benefits of Exercise Stress Reduction Tips Self-Care Practices Mindful Living David Sucsy / E+ / Getty Images Sometimes we feel stressed because we’re not achieving things that are important to us, or our focus is headed in the wrong direction. Daily stress can result from a lifestyle that isn’t in line with our values, and an overall feeling of underlying tension when part of us feels we’re not leading the life we’d hoped for. The following goal setting journaling techniques can help you to get more in touch with your goals, and actually help you achieve them, and acquire the lifestyle you dream of. How to Journal Your Way to Better Goals Ask yourself, if you had a magic wand, what would you like to see included in your future? Ignoring the ideas of how you’ll get there, vividly imagine your ideal life, and what would be included in it. Then take a few minutes to list, on paper or on your computer, the changes and goals that would be included in this picture. Be specific about what you want. It’s okay if you want something that you seemingly have no control over, such as a mate who is perfect for you; write it.You may want to keep a running journal of how you’re doing on your goals, as a way to pat yourself on the back for success, work through the  frustration of setbacks, and as a form of continued motivation. You can also make updates to your goals as they change with you. (Sometimes the pursuit of one goal will lead to growth that will lead to the realization that a different direction would be better for you.)Research on journaling has shown numerous benefits to journaling that includes processing feelings and brainstorming solutions. This can not only relieve stress, but also help you attain goals by providing an opportunity to work through problems, find solutions, and keep from getting ‘stuck’ in unhealthy patterns.You may also want to keep a gratitude journal, where you write about all the things for which you are grateful each day. Popularized by Oprah and more recent proponents of happiness habits, this form of journaling can help you feel more gratitude in your life as you develop the habit of noticing all the good in your life. This can decrease the  stress that you feel, as well as help you realize all that you have available to you already.You may follow the lead of many businesses and have a 1-year, a 5-year and a 10-year plan for your life. (It doesn’t have to be a set-in-stone plan, but a list of wishes and goals.) Keeping in mind what you hope for in your future can help you feel less ‘stuck’ in the stressful parts of your present life, and help you see more op tions for change as they present themselves.Write down all the coincidences (or, what Henriette Anne Klauser, in refers to as “Go! Incidences, referring to their momentum-building quality) that you encounter that bring you closer to your goals. Keeping track of coincidences  helps you become more aware of them when they happen, and more likely to use them to your advantage.Keep a ‘dream journal’ chronicling each night’s nocturnal adventures. You may begin to notice patterns, messages, and other important things your dreams can tell you that you’d otherwise forget. (Remember, you are generally the best interpreter of the meaning in your own dreams.)Maintain a dream journal of a different sort: instead of recording the dreams you have when you’re sleeping, record the hopes you have (or once had) for your life that seem completely out of reach or borderline ridiculous. Have fun with it, and imagine where you’d be in life if you could be anywhere! This can help you get in touch with what you really want in life, and find uncover some dreams that you really can make come true.If you’re trying to find something specific in your life, writing about it has worked for many people. For example, if you’re looking for a compatible mate, writing down all the qualities you hope to find in a person, very specifically, has brought many people success. (Whether this practice aligns with the spiritual law ‘ask and it shall be given unto you’, or whether it causes you to be more likely to know it when you see it, it appears to work!)If you’re not the regular-writing type, even writing one list once can help you to attain your goals. The process helps you to become more aware of what more you could get out  of life, notice that you don’t have to be ‘stuck’ in any circumstances indefinitely, and more often notice opportunities that come your way, either on a conscious or unconscious level. Tips Try to do this when you’re not exhausted, or so stressed you want to scream, but in a serious mood; you’ll get more relevant results this way.

Is Night Workout Better Than Morning Workout - 878 Words

Is Night Workout Better Than Morning Workout? Waking up early every day for work and try to be ready on time with children stuff is kind of a weird but it is a nice rush time. I am not a single mother but I am working as Au pair in California (the US). I get up at 6 am to being ready for the new day and preparing children to drop them off to school and for me to be on time in my classes. I used to make breakfast at 7 o’clock and we should leave home to school at 7:40 am; it sounds like a mother daily life but I am not one, I am just in charge of two awesome boys, 8 and 6 years old whom attend primary and I, who am going to college. I am not a morning person but with time I got into the American way of life in Berkeley. Seeing people carry on the yoga mat, some biking around the city to go to their jobs or schools and others just jogging to be healthy, it show me how sedentary I was, because those people do not have any excuse to exercise as I have it. I was always complaining about that I did not have enough time to go to the gym or practice any sport. After seen that, I began to practice yoga and Zumba and I try to get involve in the fitness environment. Walking around the city I saw the gyms crowded at night most of them with younger people who are busy during the day and afterwards of it I realized that I was taking Zumba class with adults and seniors for more than three months just guessing that they were having an early workout because they are pensioned. BecomingShow MoreRelatedEssay703 Words   |  3 Pageshere are 20 tips to help inspire you to get off your butt every single day. 1. On Sunday, map out your weekly workout plan so you know exactly what youre doing each day. This saves time trying to decide, Hmm, should I go for a run or ride my bike? Mix up your workout routine to keep you excited, and have alternate plans for outdoor workouts in case it rains. 2. Schedule workouts just as you would any other nonnegotiable important meeting. Tell co-workers and family members so they know youreRead MoreGym Workout Vs. Gym Workouts980 Words   |  4 Pageshuman body contains more than 640 muscles. Regular maintenance of these muscles are vital for healthy living, which is easily achievable by working out. Among the many different ways that people work out, two of the most common are plain at home remedies, and commercial gym workouts. While there are many similarities between the two, most workout enthusiasts tend to pick a side of which they enjoy doing more. However, most workout enthusiasts will say that gym workouts are very convenient, whereasRead MoreChallenges Of Health And Wellness1742 Words   |  7 Pagesworking out and staying in shape. After college, I was always active and played in a YMCA volleyball league for years along with playing on the sand courts when weather permitted. My life took a turn when I started to teach, I tried to eat healthy and workout but have found it hard to do those things with my schedule. When I was coaching and teaching, I had very little time for me. I had to be at work at 7am and did not leave until 6:30pm or even later on game days. Eating healthy has been an issue mostRead MorePhysical Activity Into My Life919 Words   |  4 Pagesanything crazy, just to go and get some exercise, because some is better than none. I didn’t actually go to the gym in January or February, but I had a membership and it was on my mind, so that was an improvement. I have been battling my inner voice telling me â€Å"you’re fat† since I was in high school, dancing 3-4 hours a day, and had an eating disorder. I have spent years hating my body, thinking, â€Å"if only I was ____ pounds lighter than I’d be happy. 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They performed mostly leg and core exercises which can also double as a cardio workouts. These exercises only need around 10-15 minutes to complete based on the suggestion of the trainers to perform 3 sets and since idol groups are on the road a lot of times, these exercises can be done almostRead MoreThe Importance Of Being Active And Sporty866 Words   |  4 Pageswhat I was known as in high school. Placing first in the school district for strongest female, I trained to keep the title. I was consistent in my workout regime, I would wake up at 5 am for a morning jog, in the afternoon I would go to the gym train for an hour and run home. Coming in the first year in college, I began working and finding time to workout was hard. I was not managing my time wisely. My anxiety bec ame worse and I found comfort in food and Netflix. As the semester went on I was unhappyRead MoreWeight Fast For Fat Human Each Kind879 Words   |  4 Pageswomen. 1. Sports Schedule. You should exercise for ladies. Are you aware? Ladies have a far more active hormone creating oil than men. But many ladies have more energy expenditure than men. Furthermore, ladies who are lazy to workout, the higher the chance of encountering a distended abdomen. Therefore, result in the schedule to workout each week. A minimum of a period to workout for half an hour 2 occasions per week. When really busy and don t have enough time a minimum of 1 time each week. AdvantagesRead MoreA Business Traveler Is Less Glamorous Than Perceived1627 Words   |  7 PagesThe life of a business traveler is less glamorous than perceived. In addition to stress that comes with travel, business travelers face many health risks as a result of frequent travel. Trying to figure out how to make business travel better? We have rounded up the most comprehensive list of business travel tips from start to finish. Following these tips may not eliminate all of the health risks caused by f requent travel, but it will make your next trip less stressful. Before You Travel Sign upRead MoreThe Health And Fitness Industry1217 Words   |  5 Pageswith the opportunity to start his business. The Opportunity After a morning workout, Gunnar was leaving the gym when he was approached by an individual asking if he could workout with him. Gunnar, sized him up to make sure he could keep up with his high intensity workouts. After agreeing to it, the individual asked how much he charges, Gunnar responded with â€Å"we will figure all that out when we get there.† Later that night he talked with his girlfriend and decided to take on the opportunity. Balancing

Interpreter of Maladies Essay - 1637 Words

Symbolism is an important factor in many stories. In â€Å"Interpreter of Maladies†, the author, Jhumpa Lahiri, uses the symbol to represent her idea. In the story, the main character, Mr. Kapasi, is an Indian tour guide who accompanies the Das family on their way to see the Sun Temple at Konarak. Mr. Kapasi is an intelligent and knowledgeable man. He was once fluent in many languages but now speaks only English. He wanted to be a diplomat once but now he works as an interpreter in a doctor’s office. Mr. and Mrs. Das are young couple with three kids. Mr. Kapasi feels that they are more likely to be brother and sister to the kids than parents. The story’s central conflict focuses on the marriage situation because both the protagonist, Mr.†¦show more content†¦His arranged marriage is struggling because his wife cannot recover from her sorrow over the loss of their young son. Mrs. Das’s sudden interest in his job makes him start his romantic imagina tion journey. When the Das family has lunch, Mr. Kapasi is invited to join with them. Then, they take the photograph which Mr. Kapasi happens to sit next to Mrs. Das. At the time, Mr. Kapasi feels that he is the best match with Mrs. Das as both of them have the same maritally unsatisfied circumstances. Mrs. Das asks for Mr. Kapasi’s address to send the photograph that they have taken. For her, asking Mr. Kapasi’s address is nothing, but for Mr. Kapasi, writing his address on the scrap paper becomes the way to begin his romantic relationship. The scrap paper also represents the future communication for Mr. Kapasi to have relationship affair with Mrs. Das. Effective communication is an important characteristic to build a strong and happy family. However, Mr. Kapasi has lost his ability to communicate with his wife. The narrator indicates that Mr. Kapasi has to spend his evening with enjoying â€Å"the evening newspaper and a cup of tea that his wife would serve him in silence† (554). As Mr. Kapasi’s marriage is not a happy marriage, he was thinking that the world is not fair for him as he has to drink his tea in silence and he is in a loveless marriage. Similarly, Mrs. Das also doesn’t want to communicate with herShow MoreRelatedInterpreter Of Maladies1587 Words   |  7 Pagesauthors; Interpreter of Maladies by Jumpa Lahiri (1967) and Imaginary Homelands by Salman Rushdie (1947). Jhumpa Lahiri is an Indian descent, born in London and raised by Bengali parents. Salman Rushdie is a British-Indian nove list who was born in Bombay, India. All his writing inspiration came from traveling experience. His books have been translated into over forty languages and he has received many awards for his books and novels. Summary of the Interpreter of Maladies â€Å"Interpreter of Maladies†Read MoreConflict In Interpreter Of Maladies774 Words   |  4 PagesSydney Goren Miss Holmes English II 20 October 2017 Conflict in Interpreter of Maladies Many of the stories in Interpreter of Maladies by Jhumpa Lahiri include a fundamental composition of literary elements, such as conflict which readers see in both â€Å"Interpreter of Maladies† and â€Å"A Temporary Matter†. Lahiri shows the difficulty of communication which overtime turn into the destruction of the entire relationship. For instance, readers see difficulty in communication when Shukumar and Shoba becomeRead MoreInterpreter Of Maladies Summary1556 Words   |  7 Pagessupport each other; and it allows us to organize our lives and make decisions. Effective communication is based on the way we talk and listen, how we respond and our body language. In Jhumpa Lahiri’s short stories â€Å"A Temporary Matter† and â€Å"Interpreter of Maladies† lack of communication has taken place in both of the couples relationships. In both short stories the couples has a misconception about someone that leads to unhappiness. The misconception of the relationships is portrayed in both the storiesRead MoreInterpreter Of Maladies1268 Words   |  6 Pagesstories of Interpreter of Maladies by Jhumpa Lahiri. Human vulnerability glimmers in the dark, while harsh public facades gloom over the daylight. Lahiri utilizes darkness to display true selves, personalities the individual desires to be seen are showcased using light. These devices are especially relevant in the text which is a tribute to human emotion and interaction as well as the power knowledge as on the heart. Two stories this is mainly true in are â€Å"A Temporary Matter† and â€Å"Interpreter of Maladies†Read MoreInterpreter Of Maladies Essay1398 Words   |  6 Pagesdespite him being married to another women. Mr. Kapasi in â€Å"Interpreter of Maladies† found affection towards a woman who was cold towards her family, but was warm and showed great interest in him. He had started to believe she was different and admired her interest in him. However, like many times in literature, all seemingly good things take an unexpected turn for the characters learn from. In Jhumpa Lahiri’s works â€Å"Sexy† and â€Å"Interpreter of Maladies,† both leading characters felt deceived at the end ofRead MoreInterpreter of Maladies Essay1436 Words   |  6 Pagesof Marriage Communication is one of the most important things to us keep connected to other people. If we fail to communicate with others, we will fail in many ways such as failure in romance. In the book Interpreter of Maladies with the tittle â€Å"Interpreter of Maladies† by Jhumpa Lahiri, the difficulty of communication becomes one of the problems. Mr. Kapasi feels lonely in his life and in his marriage because he lost his ability to communicate with his wife. However, Mrs. Das is a selfishRead MoreThe Interpreter Of Maladies By Jhumpa Lahiri870 Words   |  4 Pagesthese two stories gave one a very good perspective on what immigrants have to endure in order to achieve success in a new place. Two of the best representations of how Americans are observed when in a foreign country. The author of â€Å"The Interpreter of Maladies is Jhumpa Lahiri. Born in London and raised in Rhode Island, Jhumpa, whose real name is Nilanjana Sudheshna Lahiri. Jhumpa is a nickname given by he r family. â€Å"Jesus Shaves† author David Sedaris comes from a his middle-class upbringingRead MoreInterpreter Of Maladies By Jhumpa Lahiri1284 Words   |  6 Pagesfor couples to share the blame for issues that arise. However, through the stories in Interpreter of Maladies by Jhumpa Lahiri it becomes clear that there is often one one individual who insights these problems. In â€Å"A Temporary Matter†, the main character, Shukumar, is mourning the his child who was stillborn and allowing his insecurities to distance him from his wife, Shoba. The story â€Å"Interpreter of Maladies† describe the crisis of a middle aged man, Mr. Kapsi, whose unsupportive marriage causesRead MoreInterpreter Of Maladies By Jhumpa Lahiri2176 Words   |  9 PagesIn â€Å"Interpreter of Maladies†, Jhumpa Lahiri uses both art and language as symbols of the difficulty of belonging when stuck between two or more cultures. Born in London from Indian parents, then raised in t he United States, Lahiri puts in this story her own feeling or removal into the characters: The Das, visiting a country that has become more foreign than homely; and Mr. Kapasi, who struggles to claim his identity through language and translation. Bilbro argues that a lot of Lahiri scholarhipRead MoreInterpreter Of Maladies By Jhumpa Lahiri1609 Words   |  7 Pagesliving or interacting in a new environment surrounded by unfamiliar and distinct people, one may feel culturally out of place. That is exactly the theme Jhumpa Lahiri describes in each of her stories, â€Å"Interpreter of Maladies,† â€Å"Mrs. Sen’s,† and â€Å"The Third and Final Continent.† In â€Å"Interpreter of Maladies†, we get a clear picture that the Das family, who are Indian-American, are the ones displaced here. We can see this throughout the behaviors that the Das family expresses in their trip around India

Exponential Funtions Free Essays

An exponential function is in which a constant base is raised to a variable power. Exponential functions are used to model changes in population size, in the spread of diseases, and the growth of investments. They can also accurately predict types of decline typified by radioactive decay. We will write a custom essay sample on Exponential Funtions or any similar topic only for you Order Now The essence of exponential growth, and a characteristic of all exponential growth functions, is that they double in size over regular intervals. The most important exponential function is ex, the inverse of the natural logarithmic function. Some examples of exponential functions in the real world are Ponzi Schemes, Pyramid Schemes, and Chain Letters. Ponzi Schemes are named after Charles Ponzi. They are fraudulent investment plans in which one person takes people’ money as an â€Å"investment† and doesn’t necessarily tell them how their returns will be generated, meaning that people’s returns on investments could be generated by anything. Pyramid Schemes are also fraudulent investment plans. They are structured like a pyramid, starting with one initial recruiter who recruits someone and requires them to pay a fee. In order to make their money back, the new recruit must recruit others under him. This continues until it becomes impossible for the newest layer of recruits to recruit enough people to make their money back. Chain letters are letters that can be received electronically or through snail mail. They aren’t illegal on their own but they can take the form of a pyramid scheme when they ask you to donate a certain amount of money to the people on a list, then delete the name of the first person on the list, add your name, and forward to a certain amount of people. By forwarding, you are asking people to give money with the promise of making money. The schemes work because they seem like they can go on forever but in reality, the scheme can only go on for a certain amount of time before it exceeds the population. When the cycle exhausts itself, participants lose money. These schemes should not be participated in because it is impossible to continue to make more money than you invest. How to cite Exponential Funtions, Papers

Research Paper Development of Landlocked Countries Essay Example

Research Paper: Development of Landlocked Countries Essay As the years pass by, societies are facing changing environment, different economic advances and technological improvements in all spheres of its life. But there are different societies, different countries with different backgrounds and geographical locations. Role of the geographical location in the economic development of the country is being very precisely analyzed during the last few decades, which showed the tight connection between those two notions, especially from the standpoint of the global distribution of the economic activity. Statistic shows that all countries that are developed are that of with the coastline, and those which are not developed enough are landlocked. Table 1. GDP per capita and its growth, 2001-2006 Average per capita income (2006 USD) Income group 2001 2006 We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper: Development of Landlocked Countries specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper: Development of Landlocked Countries specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper: Development of Landlocked Countries specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Increase Growth (%) High income 32 800 35 700 2 900 1.7 Upper middle income 5 500 6 600 1 100 3.5 Lower middle income 1 500 2 100 600 6.9 Low income 500 670 170 4.8 Landlocked developing countries 760 970 210 5.3 Transit 1 500 2 000 500 4.2 World 6 700 7 400 700 1.9 Note: Data for LLCs exclude Afghanistan, Botswana, and Zambia. In 2005-2006 these countries had a very high portion of exports of just one commodity; Azerbaijan (76 percent) and Kazakhstan (69 percent) petroleum, Botswana (73 percent) precious stones, and Zambia (65 percent) copper (UNCTAD 2008). Source: World Bank Development Data Platform. But proximity to the sea, on practice, is not the only determinant of country’s economic development. There are at least five basic geographic factors that influence the development of the particular regions. They incorporate: proximity to the major markets, climatic effects on disease burdens and public health, access to sea-based trade, natural resources endowments (energy resources) and agricultural productivity (Smith 1981, 44). In this paper I will explore whether landlocked countries develop more slowly than those with the coastline, explain what problems do landlocked countries face and investigate whether there are some advantaged for landlocked countries over coastline countries. I will also provide the detailed description of all the factors that contribute to the slower development of landlocked countries besides their access to the coastline- government, population, natural resources, etc. A landlocked country is generally defined as the one that is enclosed by the land. It was so historically stipulated that being a landlocked country was not considered to be advantageous. It restricts the country from obtaining gains from the sea industries, as well as limits trade opportunities. There can be also the situation when the landlocked country is surrounded by the landlocked country also, and it is called doubly landlocked country. There are just two such countries in the world- Liechtenstein in Central Europe and Uzbekistan in Central Asia. Despite the technological advances in the transportation systems, landlocked countries continue to face problems with the access to the world trade markets (Todaro and Smith 2005, 66). As a result, countries without coastline are usually far behind maritime countries in the issues of the external trade and overall development. But there is another important aspect that is essential to every landlocked country- the dependence on transit neighbors. There can be four main types of such dependence for the landlocked country: dependence on the neighbor’s stability and peace, infrastructure, sound cross-border political relations, and administrative practices. That dependence lays the foundation for the new set of priorities and challenges for landlocked countries. According to the statistical data, nine of the twelve countries that have the lowest Human Development Index are far from the coastline, thirteen from them have the low level of human development, and no country (outside Europe) reported the high level of human development. And then the question arises: why do landlocked countries have such constant problems? The simple answer would incorporate the trade difficulty, high transportation costs, inability to use the same benefits as coastline countries have, while competing at the world market. Landlocked countries on practice appear to have the little choice for choosing the way for the transit of their goods to the markets, and land transport prices can be the subject of the monopoly pricing. In such case everything depends upon the relationships with the country of transit and its literal favor. One of the most outstanding exceptions among the landlocked countries remains Switzerland, which was constantly following export-oriented strategy, but adjusted high export transportation costs by exporting such high-value goods, as watches, clocks, scientific instruments, and specialized services, which are values all over the world- banking and insurance services. This is the example of the utilization of the comparative advantage, and in the long run, the situation of being the landlocked country creates challenges as well as opportunities to realize the inner potential of the country and find way to develop.One of the several openings in the international cross-sectional analysis of economic growth rates is that the share of GDP trade, mediated through its affect on the share of investment, is said to be positively associated with the rate of economic growth. The following statement implies that whatever causative mechanisms are at work, the impacts of geographical disadvantage a re most likely to work through decrease in the trade volume (Arvis et al. 2007, 17-20). When some products cross the border, transaction expenses tied to customs and handling are inevitable. In other words, using the transportation professional terminology, there will be on-loading and offloading costs, and the most probably storage costs also. In such a manner, landlockedness of the trade country is to be thought of as increasing the price of imports, and decreasing exports net price of transport costs (which had to be paid by a price-taking seller to be able compete internationally with the countries that are not supposed to have such expenses). Therefore, landlocked countries suffer lower revenues in their trade terms and as a result get much less real income. The more the part of primary commodities in the export volume and of finished goods in the import volume, the more the terms-of-trade loss, due to the reason that transportation expenses are generally low per unit of value for primary goods and high per unit of value for manufactures. The terms-of-trade loss in come effect is to decrease the imports volume. The substitution effect is to make consumers to switch from import goods to domestic ones, causing the decrease in exportable surplus as the opportunity cost of consuming of goods inside the country instead of exporting falls. Both the substitution and import effects diminish the total trade share (exports and imports) in GDP. Landlocked countries can import less (for instance, find the adequate import substitution goods) and export less (for instance, fail to utilize attractive export opportunities) than would be secured by comparative advantage with the exception of transportation expenses. It is however important to remember that in many situations the expenses that are the result of the fact that the country is landlocked will be less than tariffs of import and export taxes already established. An alternative interpretation is that landlocked countries pay to the countries of transit an incoming goods tariff and tax on outbound goods. As a transportation monopolist, or the one that is in charge to dictate the tariffs, the transit country has literally no desire â€Å"to kill the goose which lays the golden eggs†; and as a result, it would rather charge transportation rates that mirror the price elasticity of supply and demand in the landlocked country. There can also another interpretation that says that when a country of transit restricts the transport supply to the landlocked country, the quotas established give rise to rents in the form of price adjustment and, the most probably, corruption. In the end, the landlocked country sensitivity to strategic disruption is that factor that is usually mentioned by many authors of the researches. Nevertheless, taking into consideration the analogy from empirical evidence on regard of the effect of retributory trade sanctions , the economic influence of trade disruption can be rather moderate.The factor of uncertainty, along with usually tense political relations between landlocked countries and transit states, in the long run appears to be even more crucial than actual expenses: in actual fact, a study of the World Bank identified reliability of transit, not expenses, as the main criterion for project appraisal and design (World Bank 1994, 34-36). Access to ports of landlocked countries is governed predominantly by bilateral treaties with countries of transit, most part of them have fixed terms, many are special with limited terms and some appear to be only small parts of larger treaties (Todaro and Smith 2005, 99-102). Delivery uncertainties can make potential customers cautious of signing long-term export contracts and prevent foreign firms from locating plants in landlocked countries. Nevertheless, rather small amount of landlocked countries are totally dependent on one country of transit, and what dependency relationships do exist can be significantly improved over time by launching integrated regional investment programs and negotiating alternative routes (Limao and Venables 2001, 451-455). The difficulties in the economic development of landlocked countries were also attempted to be explained by the endogenous growth theory and the theory of new trade. In neoclassical theory, which is based on perfect competition and constant returns to scale, the revenues to trade are constant. When neoclassical theory proposes an explanation why landlocked countries may be at a disfavor in the short run, it offers few clarifications why this disadvantage can be irreducible in the long run. For instance, considering again the example with Switzerland that developed economic spheres that show outstanding results in spite of the fact that the country is landlocked. Put differently, alleviating the challenges associated with landlockedness may lead to a one-of improvement in the welfare level of the landlocked country, but it is not supposed to move the landlocked country to more rapid growth path. But many scientists advance arguments that neoclassical theory greatly detracts the trade importance in a dynamic situation. In such case, the decreases in trade experienced by landlocked countries may serve as a substantial drag on economic growth. In â€Å"endogenous growth† models there are either rising returns to scale in definite sectors or exogenous factors to output in those sectors. Learning-by-doing and external factors to development and research are major topics in related literature, dedicated to endogenous growth theory. The channels of growth (human capital accumulation, provision of infrastructure, investment, technological innovation, and public goods) differentiate from model to model, as does the fundamental competitive mechanism (oligopoly or perfect competition). The general conclusion is, nevertheless, that poor primary conditions can ensnare countries in a low-level trap by restricting their economic growth opportunities. The door is widely opened to a s eries of â€Å"big push† public policy arrangements, including regional policy, industrial policy, trade policy, and provision of public and infrastructure support for formation of human capital, development, research, etc (Krugman 1987, 131-34). The essential role of augmenting returns to scale provides a link between â€Å"endogenous growth† theory and â€Å"new trade theory†, the main point of which is that government should play an active role in trade, because the government is the main policy maker. Trade can move growth rates by changing the output composition. Since the changing structure of output influences relative prices, comparative advantage is as a result endogenized. This impact is stressed if there are learning-by-doing external factors at the sector level, for example, if one sector learns from another. Being a landlocked country, by decreasing the trade volume, may restrict comparative advantage from evolving and thus capture landlocked countries in a low-level equilibrium snare. In the alternative, by decreasing exposure to foreign competition, being landlocked may suppress entrepreneurial talent growth and development. Not just trade flows, but companies’ location decisions (that in the long run are determinants of trade flows) are determinative in a dynamic rising-returns-to-scale environment (Stone 2001, 78-80).Agglomeration economies are economies that are external and which are effective either when a significant amount of companies in the same industry are located in close proximity to each other or when a significant amount of companies from different industries locate in the same city or region. Taking into consideration the latter case, the economies are referred to as urbanization economies. High-tech industries that are innovation-driven, which are reliant on a fluid market for workers of high specialization, information, and access to a secure, fast and sophisticated services sector, are highly reliant on agglomeration economies. In consequence of their geographical isolation, especially when there is no port city, landlocked countries may find it hard to attract companies in rapi dly evolving, high-growth industries. And again, â€Å"big push† policy interventions must be secured in landlocked countries (Stone 2001, 120). Conclusively, provision of infrastructure itself has great positive external economies. Accessibility of good transportation infrastructure strengthens the efficiency of all other inputs and enhances the return rate to formation of both human and physical capital. Contrariwise, the efficiency-increasing influence of transport investment is to some extent compensated when companies substitute away from traditional inputs to the benefit of the cheaper transportation (Stone 2001, 68-70). There are also other contributing factors that are generally hard to quantify or even depict with precision, and they are bound to affect the development path of landlocked countries. Landlocked countries are twice sensitive to destruction in the form of natural disasters, political turmoil and violent international conflicts: once on their own account and once on account of the countries of transit. To such extent, landlocked countries may be equally ignored, once on account that they are landlocked, and again because their transit states on which they depend is underdeveloped itself. In regard the problem of strong conflict, landlocked countries by definition on practice have many borders, and one of the few rough stylized facts from quantitative international relations is that the scope of strong international conflict is positively correlated with number of international boundaries. In the similar way, one of the most powerful conclusions from the economic development record is t hat peace is a background for economic development. Many borders, as well as the dependency relationship that exists between the country of transit and landlocked country, may harden brain drain and the literal pumpage of skilled labor. Or, efficiency gains that arise when labor is transferred from low-productivity to higher-productivity sectors will be predestinated if low productivity labor simply migrates to the countries of transit. Let’s assume that landlockedness is definitely the real challenge for economic development, taking into consideration data on landlocked countries merchandise trade. What the policy response might be in such case? According to neoclassical theory, the major rational explanation for intervention of the government is the distortions occurrence, of which the negative external effect to transit through monopolistic country of transit is a first-hand example. The suggestion to policy makers can be to impose a Pigovian tax on goods that are traded and devote the returns to the development of the alternative transportation routes (Mankiw 2001, 216). While the developing alternative transport routes cost is supposed to present a substantial primary deadweight cost, there is no reason in neoclassical theory why it would make obstacles to the development in the long run (Cabanius and Bouaphanh 2001, 13). Very few landlocked countries have some competitive advantages in the field of high-tech industries for which active rising returns to scale emerge likely. There are also some exceptions with few European countries, like Hungary, the opportunity of developing comparative advantage in such sectors appears unlikely. Second, the active rising revenue argument intends that the domestic market is big enough that nascent industries, in case of strong protection, are able to produce enough to begin to realize economies of scale. Most landlocked countries, however, are comparatively small. While industrial structure is highly concentrated in most developing countries, it is market defects such as entry barriers and collusion which are responsible, not increasing returns to scale. It seems prudent that if the challenges of landlockedness result from transport, policy makers introduce transportation policy to address them. Transport infrastructure within landlocked countries is often of compar atively low quality, so domestic transport investment would be able, to some extent, get customers back to where they were without the issue of being landlocked. This is a second possible best result, but presents advancement nevertheless while eluding the dangers tacit in implementing trade and industrial policy to address what is generally speaking a transport challenge. At the end, the regional level is the most important: improvements in transit benefit of both landlocked countries and countries of transit, and the natural units for transportation policy interference are not the nation, but the region and the transport corridor.So, to address the problems that restrict landlocked countries’ potential revenues from trade and therefore restrict the resource base for investments in human development, several major policy priorities can be outlined. First, landlocked developing countries have to place special emphasis upon the development of their internal transportation infr astructure. Trade is substantially influenced by transportation costs, so making investments in roads and railways— both maintenance and construction — are the most important issues for keeping these costs at the lower level. Distance, Modal Choice and Transport Cost Different transportation modes have different cost functions. Road, rail and maritime transport have respectively a C1, C2 and C3 cost functions. While road has a lower cost function for short distances, its cost function climbs faster than rail and maritime cost functions. At a distance D1, it becomes more profitable to use railway transport than road transport while from a distance D2, maritime transport becomes more advantageous. Point D1 is generally located between 500 and 750 km of the point of departure while D2 is near 1,500 km. Second, regional infrastructure integration strategies are inevitable for the development of the active trade routes and market access expanding for landlocked developing countries. For example, such small economies as Rwanda and Burundi face huge obstacles in their attempts of international trade due to the poor rail and road infrastructure in Eastern Africa. Internal infrastructure investments in Rwanda and Burundi will bring restricted revenues if they are not supposed to be accompanied by the corresponding investments in Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania (Pod 1998, 76-81). Export to GDP ratios reveal the progression of challenges countries face along the Northern Corridor: for Burundi, 6%; for Rwanda, 9%; for Uganda, 12%; and for Kenya, 26% (United Nations Development Programme 2003, 56). In the same manner, infrastructure integration demands investments in building and maintaining effective maritime ports to be able to provide services for entire regions. Third, and closely connected with the previous issue, regional integration strategies need to be concentrated on administrative coordination. Even though members of COMESA (Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa) and SADC (Southern African Development Community) have made substantial progress in this regard, many other regions still need investments for the standardization of border procedures and reduction of transportation costs incurred due to time non-conformities. Many countries are still able to take advantage from such administrative organization, as well as objective guarantees for landlocked countries’ constant access to transit routes (World Development Indicators 2002, 33-34). Fourth, landlocked countries have a strong need to invest, where possible, in developing industries that are less influenced by transportation costs. This involves shifting away from basic commodities, which are subject to main fluctuations in price and low value to weight ratios, toward those with higher value or lower transportation costs in relation to goods value. Strategies can contain service industries development or the manufacturing sectors for export development (MacKellar, Worgotter and Worz 2000, 14). Official development contribution and overall help strategies should acknowledge essential infrastructure needs of low-income landlocked countries and the requirement for increases in direct assistance to maintain large-scale investments in railways and roads. Such investments are supposed to comprise not only the up-front advances of the transport infrastructure, but maintenance and operations as well. As far as the landlocked developing countries traditionally suffer from a overall lack of resources and under-funded social sectors because of their common structural obstacles in trading with the international economy, they will typically demand even more external resource support than their maritime neighbors with low-income that also need to remain a priority for official development contribution flows. In this section some statistical overview on regard landlocked countries and their economic development is presented. Landlocked countries concentration among the least prosperous nations of the world is astonishing. Sixty three out of one hundred fifty eight comparatively low- and middle-income countries, defined by the World Bank, are classified as having low income (40.0 percent), but twenty out of thirty low- and middle-income landlocked countries (66.6 percent) are classified as low-income. If the fifteen Newly Independent States (the former USSR republics and the Baltic countries) are eliminated, then the situation is the following: fifty eight out of one hundred forty three (40.6 percent) low- and middle-income countries are low-income, but sixteen out of twenty two low- and middle-income landlocked countries (72.7 percent) are low-income. At the end, and most astonishing fact of all, nine of the twenty poorest world countries are landlocked. Partially, this is for the reason that many landlocked countries are African, but even in this region, landlocked countries account for an incommensurable quantity of the poorest countries on this poorest continent. Most LLDC have underdeveloped economic base with a poor performance of export, the main part if not all their exports consist of low-value bulky commodities. As for LLDC, half of them rely on one commodity for at least 50% of their general exports by value; two commodities account for at least three quarters of their export earnings; and three commodities yield at least 80% of their export earnings. Insurance, freight and other related expenses are therefore burdensome in relations to the exports low value. For countries that import oil like Zambia the situation is further worsened by the high fuel cost (petrol and diesel). Transport operators on the domestic market of Zambia, pay for higher fuel prices by as much as 50% than in other countries of the sub region (Gael Raballand et al, 2007). As part of the USSR, the Central Asian and Eastern European republics were integrated into the centralized Soviet Union command economy. Their role in this system was predominantly to guarantee natural resources (particularly, metals and petroleum) and agricultural products (such as, grain and cotton) to the processing industries and basic markets that were situated upon the territories of today’s Russia and Ukraine. Correspondently, transportation corridors were developed in the times of the Soviet era basically for the connection of the individual republics with Russia and Ukraine, and not with their neighbors, which could serve as the countries of transit. As a result of this, Central Asian and Eastern European landlocked countries face three major transit challenges as a consequence of the USSR collapse. First of all, it should be mentioned that such transport corridors were built before present international borders were established. Significant domestic transportation ar teries at present often pass through neighboring countries that can result in additional expenses and long delays. Some countries are now constructing expensive alternative routes to mitigate this challenge. Second, connections through Iran, China, and Afghanistan are restricted and not very well developed. The sequential subordination to Ukrainian and Russian transportation paths is said to be utilized by Russia and Ukraine for political benefit, seriously limiting the capability of landlocked countries to raise their gas and oil exports. Third, as government of the Soviet Union allocated specifically economic roles for each its region, it finally led to the little export diversification for a series of post-Soviet countries. Even though the Soviet Union initially invested lots of financial resources in this infrastructure, much of it had now declined due to lack of management and investments. These transport problems are redoubled with the many of the landlocked countries remotene ss: several of the former Soviet states are over 3000 km from the nearest port. Constant regional tensions further create obstacles for trade routes. Badly defined borders that may not have the reflection of political or ethnic differences can stimulate regional and domestic crises. Such tensions have prevented any cooperation on the regional level and have contributed to rough corruption. International cooperation challenges have restricted the potential of this region to serve as a regional crossroads (MacKellar, Worgotter and Worz 2000, 111-115). Even though Moldova is geographically taken away from the former Central Asia Soviet economies, it faces similar problems. Transit Routes of Moldova It is only one hundred seventy km from the shore of the Black Sea — the shortest transport distance of all landlocked countries at the discussed territories — but also fights external and internal tensions. Not only is Moldova experiences harsh political tensions between Ukraine and Romania, but, with the eastern part of the country that is controlled by ethnic Ukrainians and Russians, and the west by ethnic Rumanians, Moldova also suffers from internal tensions on regard the separatist Transdniestr region. Moldova’s infrastructure is as a matter of fact still based on the former USSR networks to Russia, therefore restricting other trade routes. Unlike former Soviet republics and Moldova, Mongolia does not have such harsh cross-border and ethnic tensions. But it does, nevertheless, share the problem of remoteness with the capital city, Ulaanbaatar, which is situated at the distance about 1700 km from the nearest port. Mongolia also still struggles with its extrem ely low density of the population — the second lowest of all countries from the region of discussion— which further makes transportation opportunities more complicated. The country has just one major highway and relies primarily on railways for shipping its output. Infrastructure of the railway is in rather satisfactory condition but still it is problematic for trading with neighboring China with the world’s fastest growing economy, for the simple reason that two countries utilize different rail gauges and shipments have to be unloaded and reloaded at Zamyn Uud. The geographical situation of the South Caucasus landlocked countries, Azerbaijan and Armenia, at the bridge of the traditional east–west Silk Route linking East Asia to Europe, holds big potential advantages for both countries. The planned recovery of the Silk Route as a network of main transport corridors could theoretically assist these countries become essential transit links between East and West. Transit Routes in South Caucasus So far, in their current situation, both Azerbaijan and Armenia suffer in the greatest extent as landlocked countries. Regional struggles, as well as boundary controversies over the Caspian Sea, ethnic fights and constant Russian alliances, have set certain obstacles to any serious attempts at regional integration. Actually, the controversy between Azerbaijan and Armenia over the Nagorno Karabakh region, a primary reason of the regional tensions, has resulted in the shut-down of both the Azerbaijan-Armenia and Armenia–Turkey borders. Azerbaijan and Armenia have also suffered from surrounding civil disputes that have restricted the utilization of potential corridors. The Georgian civil war started in 1992, impeding the usage of the Georgian corridor and resulting in strongly tumbledown infrastructure on the route. In the similar way, the Chechen war has restricted trade to the north and allayed Azerbaijan relations with Russia.Reflecting the poor political institutions of the region, corruption is reported to be widely spread and has become a serious concern for Azerbaijan and Armenia. Having the strong need to transport output across international borders where bribe paying is inevitable and everywhere, these landlocked economies suffer from internal corruption and as well as of their neighbors corruption. Later, the situation became even more complicated as the ongoing disputes and political instability of the region have left the transport infrastructure in an awful state of destruction. The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development evaluated that about 40% of Armenian roads were in severe need of immediate repair in 1998, while 56% of Azerbaijan’s main road network has been portrayed as being in a weak state of maintenance. The infrastructure in neighboring Georgia is claimed to be in even worse state. Substantial investment is needed in order to restore the regional transit system (Synowitz 1998, 212; World Bank 2001, 13). Both South American landlocked countries, Paraguay and Bolivia, suffer from weak domestic infrastructure, and unlike most African landlocked countries, which have the poorest economic situation of all, are bypassed with comparatively extensive and well-maintained transport corridors. The weak conditions of operation and maintenance of domestic corridors, however, have precluded these countries from taking advantages from such strong external transit corridors. Paraguay’s railroad, for instance, is connected to the railways of Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay, and can play a main role in international transport, but has fallen into a state of dysfunction. Paraguay and Bolivia also both concern political problems to transit trade. The South American landlocked countries have suffered from political struggles with their transit neighbors. In the recent past, for instance, the perspective and promising Bolivian plan that was aimed to double exports by exporting natural gas via Chilean ports has been delayed by constant domestic objections in Bolivia against the use of Chilean corridors. Such objection is predominantly a product of the constant and century-old conflicts between the two countries, which originated in the war of 1878–1883 when Bolivia lost control of the coastal province of Atacama (Stone 2001, 56). What is positive in the situation is that Paraguay and Bolivia also have similar opportunities: both are principally located in the heart of South America, with the great potential to allow them to serve as the South American trade cross-roads, between MERCOSUR and the Andean Community. This central situation could permit them to serve as regional bases for new technologies less dependent on transport costs, such as telecommunications. Paraguay and Bolivia also have all possibilities to be main regional energy centers because they both have substantial reserves. Bolivia recently disclosed significant reserves of natural oil and gas and Paraguay has the potential to be a main exporter of hydroelectric power. For the reason that these discussed sectors are not basically dependent on rail and road infrastructure, it will be possible to develop and take advantage from them even before domestic transport infrastructure is elevated to an essentially higher stage. They are able to use in th e full extent the potential due to poor transportation. Landlocked countries face many challenges. They have limited world trade opportunities and have to establish friendly relationships with neighboring countries, which could be potentially their transit states. So, they are having trade difficulties, experience high transportation costs, and they are unable to use the same benefits as coastline countries have, while competing at the world market. Landlocked countries on practice appear to have almost no choice for choosing the way for the transit of their output to the markets, and land transportation prices can be the subject of the monopoly pricing. In such case everything depends upon the relationships with the country of transit and how kind the government of the transit state would be. There can be four main types of such dependence for the landlocked country: dependence on the neighbor’s stability and peace, infrastructure, sound cross-border political relations, and administrative practices. That dependence lays the found ation for the new set of priorities and challenges for landlocked countries. As of 2008, forty four landlocked countries are reported to be in the world, two of which are doubly locked. They are all experiencing almost the same problems (with the several exceptions, like Hungary, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, etc.), but have different backgrounds of those challenges. Bibliography: